What is transformer and how transformer work?


Introduction

Transformers are among the most vital electrical gadgets employed in electricity systems. Transformers are responsible for efficiently transmitting and distributing electricity from power plants to residential areas, industries, and commercial establishments. But how is this done? Why are transformers so vital? In this exhaustive guide, we will discuss transformer working principles, types, and applications in today's electrical power grid.

 What is a Transformer?

A transformer is an electrical component that conveys electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. The primary function is to raise (step-up) or reduce (step-down) voltage levels in the transmission of electricity. This achieves efficient power transmission and reduces power loss over extensive distances.

Basic Elements of a Transformer:

1. Core: The laminated iron core serves as a means of passage for the magnetic flux and reduces energy losses.

2. Primary Winding: The coil through which the alternating current (AC) flows, producing a magnetic field.

3. Secondary Winding: The coil through which the electrical energy is induced and passed on to the load.

4. Insulation Material: For preventing short circuits and safe operation.

5. Cooling System: Employed in big transformers to cool down (oil-cooled or air-cooled systems).

How Does a Transformer Work?

The operation of a transformer relies on Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which is that a changing magnetic field produces an electromotive force (EMF) in a nearby conductor.

Step-by-Step Working Process:

1. Alternating Voltage to the Primary Winding: If an alternating voltage is applied across the primary winding, it creates an alternating magnetic field within the core of the transformer.

2. Production of Magnetic Flux: The varying magnetic field causes a magnetic flux in the iron core, which connects both primary and secondary windings.

3. Electromagnetic Induction in the Secondary Winding: The alternating flux generates a voltage in the secondary winding through which electrical energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary circuit.

4. Voltage Transformation: The level of voltage is determined by the turns ratio of primary and secondary windings:

If the secondary winding consists of more turns than the primary, the voltage is stepped up.

If the secondary winding has fewer turns, the voltage is stepped down.

Types of Transformers

Transformers are differentiated according to **voltage levels, design, and purpose. Some of the typical types are:

1. Based on Voltage Levels:

Step-Up Transformer: It raises the voltage (used in power stations for transmission).

Step-Down Transformer: It reduces the voltage (used in domestic and industrial sectors for safe consumption).

2. Based on Core Design:

Core-Type Transformer: Windings are wound around a laminated iron core.

Shell-Type Transformer: Windings are surrounded by the core for improved magnetic flux containment.

3. Depending on Application:

Power Transformers: Apply in substations for transmission at high voltages.

Distribution Transformers: Applies to local power distribution at lower voltages.

Isolation Transformers: Provides electrical isolation between circuits for safety purposes.

Auto Transformers: Utilizes a single winding for primary and secondary purposes.

Instrument Transformers: Applies to measurement and protection within electrical systems.

Efficiency and Transformer Losses

Even though transformers are very efficient (max. 99% efficiency), there are still some losses:

Transformer Loss Types:

1. Copper Losses: Due to winding resistance.

2. Iron (Core) Losses: Caused by hysteresis and eddy currents in the core.

3. Hysteresis Loss: Caused by repeated demagnetization and magnetization of the core.

4. Eddy Current Loss: Caused by heating due to induced currents in the core and loss of energy.

5. Leakage Flux Loss: Part of the magnetic flux does not connect to the secondary winding.

In order to improve efficiency, transformers employ high-quality core materials, cooling mechanisms, and effective insulation methods.

Applications of Transformers

Transformers find broad applications in different industries and areas, including:

1. Power Transmission and Distribution:

 Employed in power plants and substations for effective voltage transformation.

2. Electronics and Communication:

Applied in TVs, mobile chargers, and radios for voltage regulation.

3. Industrial Applications:

 Applied in welding equipment, furnaces, and automatic systems.

4. Medical Equipment:

  Applied in X-ray systems and MRI machines for electric isolation.

5. Renewable Energy Systems:

 Applied in windmills and solar power generation stations for voltage transformation.

Conclusion

Transformers are a crucial component of contemporary electrical systems, providing safe, efficient, and reliable power transmission. Knowledge of their operation, classification, and efficiency parameters is essential in the design of improved power systems and minimizing energy losses. In **power grids, industries, or electronic devices**, transformers are a keystone of electrical engineering.

For details watch our YouTube Channel

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@PhysicsMaterialsScienceandNano

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlkLbzm9lP8




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